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The fleet of plug-in electric vehicles in Norway is the largest per capita in the world, with Oslo recognized as the EV capital of the world.〔 ''See table "Elbilsalg i 2011 fordelt på måned og merke" (Electric vehicle sales in 2011, by month and brand) to see monthly sales for 2011.''〕 In March 2014, Norway became the first country where over one in every 100 passenger cars on the roads is a plug-in electric,〔 and the segment's market penetration rose to 2% in March 2015.〔 Norway ended 2014 as the top selling European country in the light-duty all-electric market segment,〔 and the country accounted for a third of all European all-electric car sales.〔 Norway's fleet of electric cars is one of the cleanest in the world because almost 100% of the electricity generated in the country comes from hydropower.〔 , a total of 74,282 plug-in electric vehicles were registered in Norway, consisting of 66,276 all-electric passenger and light-duty vehicles, and 8,006 plug-in hybrids.〔 The milestone of 50,000 pure electric vehicles on Norwegian roads was reached by late April 2015.〔〔 The Norwegian plug-in electric vehicle market share of new car sales is the highest in the world. The country's EV market share rose from 1.6% in 2011, to 3.1% in 2012.〔 The segment sales reached 5.6% of new car sales in 2013,〔 and climbed to 12.5% in 2014.〔 Combined sales of new all-electric cars and vans, plug-in hybrids and used imports from neighboring countries together captured a 13.84% market share of total passenger car registrations in 2014, up from 6.17 in 2013.〔 During the first quarter of 2015 the all-electric market share rose to 20.4%, while the plug-in hybrid segment reached 2.5%, for a combined PEV market share of almost 23% of all passenger cars sold during this period.〔 Also, Norway was the first country in the world to have electric cars topping the new car sales monthly ranking. From September 2013 to March 2014, five times an electric car has ranked as the top selling new car in the country, three times the Tesla Model S and twice the Nissan Leaf.〔〔〔〔 In March 2014 the Tesla Model S also broke the 28-year-old record for monthly sales of a single model regardless of its power source, with 1,493 units sold, surpassing the Ford Sierra, which sold 1,454 units in May 1986.〔〔 Norway is the largest European market for both the Nissan Leaf and the Tesla Model S. In March 2015 three all-electric cars ranked as the country's top 3 selling new cars, the Tesla Model S, followed by the Volkswagen e-Golf, and the Nissan Leaf.〔〔〔 Among the existing government incentives, all-electric cars are exempt in Norway from all non-recurring vehicle fees, including purchase taxes, which are extremely high for ordinary cars, and 25% VAT on purchase, together making electric car purchase price competitive with conventional cars.〔 Sales of plug-in hybrids have had a much smaller market penetration than pure electric car sales because they were not eligible for the same tax exemptions and other incentives enacted for electric cars.〔 However, the government approved a tax reduction for plug-in hybrids in effect starting in July 1, 2013, which was expected to improve PHEV sales.〔 As a result of the successful policies implemented to promote EV adoption, the number of electric vehicles on the Norwegian roads increased rapidly, resulting in several unintended consequences and raising several complaints and criticism. Complaints regarding the incentives include: high public subsidies as compared to the value of the reduced carbon footprint of electric vehicles; the possibility of traffic congestion in some of Oslo's bus lanes due to the increasing number of electric cars; the loss of revenue for some ferry operators due to the large number of electric cars exempted from payment; and the shortage of parking spaces for owners of conventional cars due to preference to electric cars (although this was actually the intended policy).〔〔〔〔〔 ==Government incentives== The Parliament of Norway set the goal to reach 50,000 zero emission vehicles by 2018. Among the existing incentives, all-electric cars are exempt in Norway from all non-recurring vehicle fees, including purchase taxes, which are extremely high for ordinary cars, and 25% VAT on purchase, together making electric car purchase price competitive with conventional cars.〔 As an example, by early 2013 the price of the top selling Nissan Leaf is 240,690 krone (around ) while the purchase price of the 1.3-lt Volkswagen Golf is 238,000 Krone (about ). Electric vehicles are also exempt from the annual road tax, all public parking fees, and toll payments, as well as being able to use bus lanes.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Electric Vehicle Policies in Norway )〕 These incentives are in effect until the end of 2017 or until the 50,000 EV target is achieved.〔 Sales of plug-in hybrids have had a much smaller market penetration than pure electric car sales. Plug-in hybrids are not eligible for the same tax exemptions and other government incentives enacted for electric cars. Because the Norwegian tax system levies higher taxes to heavier vehicles, plug-in hybrids are more expensive than equivalent gasoline and diesel-powered cars due to the extra weight of the battery pack and its additional electric components.〔〔 Beginning on 1 July 2013, the existing weight allowance for conventional hybrids and plug-in hybrids of 10% will be increased to 15% for PHEVs.〔 In September 2013 the Norwegian Parliament approved, as part of the revised 2014 budget, an exemption from the 25% VAT for leasing electric vehicles effective on 1 January 2014. However, , the exemption had not gone into effect because the Minister of Finance decided to deferred the measure, pending a formal consultation with the EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) to ensure that the VAT exemption for leasing was not in violation of the European Economic Area (EEA) Agreement. The government's loss of revenue due to the still not implemented leasing exemption is estimated at about 47 million krone (around ) per year. One Member of Parliament has criticized the government for the delay. He argued that the initial VAT exemption for all electric vehicles was never approved in ESA. In addition, an ESA spokesman confirmed that the Government has not sent any request , nor has the agency received any complaints about Norway's original EV tax exemption. The MP said he would demand that the decision be implemented when Parliament meets in October 2014.〔 The consultation was presented to ESA in November 2014, and the authority ruled in April 2015 that the implementation of the VAT exemption on leasing of electric vehicles and electric vehicle batteries is in line the EEA Agreement, since the goal is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The approval from ESA initially applies until the end of 2017, but the government can apply for an extension if the zero rate for VAT is kept. The target of 50,000 electric cars on Norwegian roads was reached on 20 April 2015, more than two years earlier than expected. The milestone was commemorated by the Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association in Drammen where the 50,000th electric car registered, a Tesla Model S, was granted the license plate "EL 60000." The special electric vehicle series began with "EL 10000." By reaching a stock of 50,000 electric cars, the market penetration of pure electric vehicles reached 2% of all passenger cars registered in Norway.〔 As one of the criteria to end the incentives was achieved, no decision has been made by the authorities about the introduction of the 25% VAT on purchase of electric vehicles. Among the options being considered by the government is to introduce the tax in a step-wise fashion, 8% VAT beginning in 2016, to be increased to 12% in 2017 and 16% in 2018. Prime Minister Erna Solberg has assure the government will not make any changes about the electric car benefits in the 2015 budget. In May 2015 the Government decided that today's EV incentives will continue throughput 2017, when the next Parliament elections will take place. The Ministry of Finance is also making a comprehensive review of all motor vehicle taxes. The two purchase tax exemptions cost the government about 3 billion krone (around ) in lost revenue just in 2014, and up to 4 billion krone (around ) if all the other benefits are accounted for. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Plug-in electric vehicles in Norway」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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